❞ كتاب ( Ambikaipakan Balasubramaniam-Neuropeptide Y Protocols-Humana Press (2000 ❝ ⏤ Ambikaipakan Balasubramaniam

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

The nervous system is composed of a diverse population of cells selectively
expressing different genes which ultimately determine the type of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides produced and released. Neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)
is one of the most abundant and widely expressed peptides in the mammalian
nervous system (1). It was originally isolated by virtue of a chemical assay that
detects the presence of a carboxyl-terminal amide in proteins (2); a hallmark of
potential hormonal function. Its widespread expression in the central and
peripheral nervous systems, in addition to the carboxyl-terminal amide, suggested that NPY could be a critical neurotransmitter in a variety of neuronal
processes. We were therefore interested in obtaining the cDNA for human NPY
in order to study NPY gene expression and screen for the NPY gene (3,4). The
only available information was the amino acid sequence of porcine NPY and
the amino acid sequences of two related peptides, pancreatic polypeptide and
peptide YY (5,6). These experiments were performed in the early 1980s before
the advent of genome sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. Today, experiments to obtain cDNAs for proteins for which only amino
acid sequence is available are designed very differently and include computer
searches of nucleotide databases and/or various PCR strategies. The experiments described in this chapter represent the classical way by which cDNAs
were cloned from corresponding protein sequence.

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology