❞ كتاب ( Blagosklonny-Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer-Landes Bioscience (2001 ❝ ⏤ Mikhail V. Blagosklonny Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

Autocrine Transformation: Cytokine Model .......................................... 1
James A. McCubrey, Xiao-Yang Wang, Paul A. Algate,
William L. Blalock and Linda S. Steelman
Abstract ................................................................................................. 1
Cytokine Regulation of Growth ............................................................ 1
2. Signal Transduction Pathways:
Cytokine Model ................................................................................... 17
James A. McCubrey, William L. Blalock, Fumin Chang,
Linda S. Steelman, Steven C. Pohnert, Patrick M. Navolanic,
John G. Shelton, Paul E. Hoyle, Phillip W. Moye,
Stephanie M. Oberhaus, Martyn K. White, John T. Lee
and Richard A. Franklin
Abstract ............................................................................................... 17
Cytokine-Induced Signal Transduction Resulting in Growth
and the Prevention of Apoptosis ...................................................... 17
Adaptor Proteins that Couple Receptors
with Downstream Pathways ............................................................ 19
The Jak-STAT Pathway ...................................................................... 19
The PI3K/Akt Pathway ....................................................................... 22
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Signal Transduction Pathway ....................... 22
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway: Downstream Kinase Activation ..... 26
Interactions Between the Raf/MEK/ERK
and the PI3K/Akt Pathways ............................................................ 28
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway: A Tether Enhancing Signal
Transduction ................................................................................... 28
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway: Regulation of Downstream
Transcription Factors ...................................................................... 28
Induction of Autocrine Gene Expression by Altered Raf/MEK
and PI3K/Akt Expression ................................................................ 29
Mutations of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Cascade
which Result in Neoplasia ............................................................... 29
Regulatory Phosphatases of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway.............. 29
Alternative MAPK Pathways Activated by Stress ................................. 31
Default Pathways which Dampen Signaling ........................................ 31
Jak/STAT Inhibitors ........................................................................... 33
PI3K/p70S6K Inhibitors ..................................................................... 33
Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway Inhibitors .............................................. 33
 PKC Inhibitors ................................................................................... 33
Cytokine Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression ................................... 34
Links Between the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway
and Cell Cycle Proteins ................................................................... 34
Cytokine Regulation of Apoptosis and Cell Death .............................. 34
Apoptotic Mediators: The Caspases ..................................................... 34

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology