❞ كتاب (Artificial Intelligence and Molecular Biology-AAAI Press MIT Press [distributor] (1993 ❝ ⏤ Joshua Lederberg

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

Historically rich in novel, subtle, often controversial ideas, Molecular Biology has lately become heir to a huge legacy of standardized data in the
form of polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences. Fred Sanger received
two, well deserved Nobel Prizes for his seminal role in developing the basic
technology needed for this reduction of core biological information to one
linear dimension. With the explosion of recorded information, biochemists
for the first time found it necessary to familiarize themselves with databases
and the algorithms needed to extract the correlations of records, and in turn
have put these to good use in the exploration of phylogenetic relationships,
and in the applied tasks of hunting genes and their often valuable products.
The formalization of this research challenge in the Human Genome Project
has generated a new impetus in datasets to be analyzed and the funds to support that research.
There are, then, good reasons why the management of DNA sequence
databases has been the main attractive force to computer science relating to
molecular biology. Beyond the pragmatic virtues of access to enormous data,
the sequences present few complications of representation; and the knowledge-acquisition task requires hardly more than the enforcement of agreed
standards of deposit of sequence information in centralized, network-linked
archives.
The cell’s interpretation of sequences is embedded in a far more intricate
context than string-matching. It must be conceded that the rules of base-complementarity in the canonical DNA double-helix, and the matching of codons

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology