❞ كتاب Chromatin Protocols-Humana Press ❝ ⏤ Peter B. Becker

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science
 

نبذه عن الكتاب:

In vitro studies on nucleosome core particles (NCPs) and nucleosomes have
generally been limited to the use of histone proteins isolated from chromatin.
Numerous reliable and well-established methods have been described of
obtaining single histone proteins in significant quantity (e.g., refs. 1 and 2, and
references therein). Briefly, the histone complexes (histone octamer, or histone tetramer and histone dimer) are isolated from “long chromatin,” which is
extracted from nuclei. The histone complexes can be further fractionated into
individual histone proteins. This approach suffers from several disadvantages.
First, the procedure is time-consuming and depends on the availability of fresh
tissue or blood from the organism of choice. Second, histone proteins isolated
from natural sources are often degraded by contaminating proteases (3). Third,
histone isotypes and posttranslational modifications of histone proteins give
rise to heterogeneity. The extent of heterogeneity and modification strongly
depend on the type and developmental state of the tissue from which chromatin
is isolated and can vary significantly between different batches. Fourth, and
most important, only naturally occurring histone proteins can be obtained by
this method.
The availability of large amounts of naturally occurring mutants, or of new
site-directed mutants of the highly conserved histone proteins, will be
extremely valuable in our attempts to reconcile the observed functions and
biophysical properties of the NCP with the recently determined atomic structure (4). The ability to express all four histone proteins in bacteria has allowed
us to develop a method for the mapping of nucleosome position to base pair

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology