❞ كتاب Autophagy-Landes Bioscience_ Eurekah.com ❝ ⏤ Daniel J. Klionsky

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

1. Autophagy: An Overview ....................................................................... 1
Daniel J. Klionsky
Commonly Used Terms ........................................................................ 9
2. Structural Aspects of Mammalian Autophagy ......................................11
Monica Fengsrud, Marianne Lunde Sneve, Anders Øverbye
and Per O. Seglen
Abstract ............................................................................................... 11
Introduction: Terminology of Autophagic Organelles ......................... 11
The Phagophore .................................................................................. 12
The Role of the Cytoskeleton in Autophagic Sequestration ................. 15
Structure of the Autophagosome ......................................................... 15
Autophagosomal Membrane Proteins .................................................. 17
The Amphisome .................................................................................. 19
The Delivery of Autophagocytosed Cytoplasm
to the Lysosome .............................................................................. 21
3. Signaling Pathways in Mammalian Autophagy .................................... 26
Patrice Codogno and Alfred J. Meijer
Abstract ............................................................................................... 26
Introduction ........................................................................................ 26
Regulation of Autophagy by Amino Acids ........................................... 27
Regulation of Autophagy by Energy .................................................... 32
The Role of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases and Lipid
Phosphatases in Autophagy ............................................................. 32
G Proteins ........................................................................................... 34
Selectivity of Autophagy ...................................................................... 37
Conclusion .......................................................................................... 38
4. Regulation of Mammalian Autophagy
by Protein Phosphorylation.................................................................. 48
Michael T.N. Møller, Hamid R. Samari, Lise Holden
and Per O. Seglen
Abstract ............................................................................................... 48
Introduction ........................................................................................ 48
The Fundamental Role of Protein Phosphorylation
in Autophagy ................................................................................... 48
Protein Phosphatases ........................................................................... 49
Protein Kinases .................................................................................... 50
Conclusions......................................................................................... 55

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology