❞ كتاب Biopolymer Methods in Tissue Engineering-Humana Press ❝ ⏤ Anthony P. Hollander Paul V. Hatton

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

1.1. Absorbable Poly-α-Hydroxy Acids
Poly (α-hydroxyacids) were found to be bioabsorble and biocompatible in
the 1960s (1,2). They are the most widely known, studied and used bioabsorbable synthetic polymers in medicine. Polyglycolide (PGA) and poly-L-lactide
(PLLA) homopolymers and their copolymers (PLGA), as well as polylactic
acid stereocopolymers produced using L-, D-, or DL-lactides and rasemic polymer copolymer PLDLA are all poly (α-hydroxyacids) (3). Poly (α-hydroxy
acids) can be polymerized via condensation, although only low mol-wt polymers are produced. In order to obtain a higher mol wt and thus mechanical
strength and longer absorption time, the polymers are polymerized from the
cyclic dimers via ring-opening polymerization using appropriate initiators and
co-initiators. The most commonly used initiator is stannous octoate (2,3).
The absorption rate both in vitro and in vivo of the poly (α-hydroxy acids) is
dependent on the microstructural, macrostructural, and environmental factors
listed in Table 1. The degradation mechanism is mainly hydrolysis. Polylactides (PLAs) absorb via bulk erosion—e.g., erosion occurs simultaneously
throughout the device. Some studies have revealed an autocatalytic degradation of PLAs. Autocatalysis shows as a more dense surface layer and as faster
degradation inside the samples which has also been reported for as-polymerized PLLA (7), for PLLA (8), for PLLA-fiber-reinforced PLDLA 70/30 (9), for
PDLLA (10), and for PLA50 samples (11). Li et al. have proposed a degradation
model for PLA50 with a faster degrading core and a more slowly degrading shell

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology