❞ كتاب Plant Functional Genomics. Methods and Protocols ❝ ⏤ Erich Grotewold

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

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An Improved Method for Plant BAC
Library Construction
Meizhong Luo and Rod A. Wing
Summary
Large genomic DNA insert-containing libraries are required as critical tools for physical
mapping, positional cloning, and genome sequencing of complex genomes. The bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning system has become a dominant system over others to clone
large genomic DNA inserts. As the costs of positional cloning, physical mapping, and genome
sequencing continuously decrease, there is an increasing demand for high-quality deepcoverage large insert BAC libraries. In our laboratory, we have constructed many high-quality
deep-coverage large insert BAC libraries including arabidopsis, manocot and dicot crop plants,
and plant pathogens. Here, we present the protocol used in our laboratory to construct BAC
libraries.
Key Words
BAC, library, method, pCUGIBAC1, plant
1. Introduction
Large genomic DNA insert-containing libraries are essential for physical
mapping, positional cloning, and genome sequencing of complex genomes.
There are two principal large insert cloning systems that are constructed as
yeast or bacterial artificial chromosomes (YACs and BACs, respectively). The
YAC cloning (1) was first developed in 1987 and uses Saccharomyces
cerevisiae as the host and maintains large inserts (up to 1 Mb) as linear molecules with a pair of yeast telomeres and a centromere. Although used extensively in the late 1980s and early 1990s, this system has several disadvantages
(2,3). The recombinant DNA in yeast can be unstable. DNA manipulation is
difficult and inefficient. Most importantly, a high level of chimerism, the clon-

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology