❞ كتاب Molecular and cellular neurobiology series Morris ❝ ⏤ كاتب غير معروف

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

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Preface
Neurones are arguably the most complex of all cells. At the current time, our knowledge of the molecular repertoire of cells is increasing at enormous speed, in the aftermath of the determination of the entire sequence of the human genome, and the
genomes of a growing list of other species. It is, therefore, a challenging task to
keep abreast of the many diverse advances in our understanding of how neurones
function at a molecular level. The first edition of Molecular Biology of the Neuron was
possibly unique in providing up-to-date and thorough reviews of the major classes of
molecules which contribute to neuronal function. The chapters provided detailed
molecular information as a valuable source of reference, while also keeping the
text broad in coverage and accessible to non-specialists. This second edition provides
an essential update to the original text, encompassing the many major advances in
knowledge that have been made in the intervening years. As before, each chapter is
written by leading researchers in the field and all provide comprehensive, yet comprehensible, coverage of the key molecules expressed in neurones, and how they act and
interact.
All chapters have been rewritten to incorporate the immense amount of new molecular data about neurons that has been discovered in the past six years, since the
publication of the first edition. Thus, significant new material has been added to
the coverage of the regulation of neuronal gene expression, neuronal ion channels,
ligand-gated ion channel receptors and G-protein linked receptors, the neuronal
cytoskeleton, molecules involved in neurotransmitter release, and the molecular basis
of neuronal plasticity and learning. The new review of the genetic and molecular
basis of human neurological disease is perhaps the most complete and up-to-date
summary of the rapidly expanding information available. New chapters have been
added where appropriate, to cover fields where there was little or no molecular information six years ago. Thus there are new chapters on protein trafficking, post-synaptic
density and neuronal ageing, plus additional chapters to cover signalling within
neurons in greater depth: specifically, synapse to nucleus calcium signalling, signalling
by tyrosine phosphorylation, and signalling by serine-threonine phosphorylation.
In addition, new chapters presenting the genetic technologies of the Drosophila
and mouse systems as applied to the study of neurons are included because of the
ever-increasing importance of these systems to functional studies of neuronal genes
and proteins.
These are exciting times for molecular studies of the nervous system. Knowing all the
genes as we do, and with the pace of advance quickening daily, it is easy for students
and researchers to lose track of progress outside their immediate subject area.

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology