❞ كتاب Molecular Biology of the Neuron ❝ ⏤ Yao-Shan Fan

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

Molecular Cytogenetics in Medicine
An Overview
Yao-Shan Fan
1. Introduction
The word “chromosome” was introduced over a century ago from the Greek language meaning “colored body.” While cytogenetics refers to the study of chromosomes, the term molecular cytogenetics is used to describe the analysis of genomic
alterations using mainly in situ hybridization based technology.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was initially developed in the late 1980s
from radioactive hybridization procedures used for mapping human genes (1–4). Soon,
this technology was utilized for the characterization of chromosomal rearrangements
and marker chromosomes (5,6), the detection of microdeletions (7), and the prenatal
diagnosis of common aneuploidies (8,9) in clinical cytogenetics laboratories. At the
same time, numerous DNA probes have been commercialized, further promoting the
wide-spread clinical applications of molecular cytogenetics. Many new FISH techniques have been developed, including primed in situ labeling (PRINS [10]), fiber
FISH (11,12), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) (13), chromosome microdissection (14,15), spectral karyotyping (SKY [16]), Multiple color FISH (M-FISH
[17,18]), color banding (19), FISH with multiple subtelomeric probes (20), and arraybased CGH (21,22). With the current FISH techniques, deletion or rearrangement of a
single gene can be detected, cryptic chromosome translocations can be visualized, the
copy number of oncogenes amplified in tumor cells can be assessed, and very complex
rearrangements can be fully characterized. Using interphase FISH, genomic alterations
can be studied in virtually all types of human tissues at any stage of cell division,
without the need of cell culture and chromosome preparation. The development of
FISH technology in the past two decades has brought cytogenetics into the molecular
era, and made the “colored bodies” more colorful and brighter.

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology