❞ كتاب Capillary Electrophoresis of Carbohydrates ❝ ⏤ Pierre Thibault Susumu Honda

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

Structural and Functional Diversity
of Glycoconjugates
A Formidable Challenge to the Glycoanalyst
Gerald W. Hart
1. Overview of Glycosylation
Glycoconjugates represent the most structurally and functionally diverse
molecules in nature. They range in complexity from relatively simple
glycosphingolipids and nuclear or cytosolic glycoproteins with dynamic
monosaccharide modifications to extraordinarily complex mucins and
proteoglycans (for review, see refs. 1,2). Some of the proteoglycans are perhaps the most complex molecules in biology, with more than 100 different
saccharide side chains on a single polypeptide. We now realize that most
proteins, even those within intracellular compartments, are co- and/or posttranslationally modified by covalent attachment of saccharides (3).
1.1. The Glycocalyx and Extracellular Matrix
Many early electron microscopic studies using cationic stains, such as
ruthenium red or alcian blue, documented that virtually all cells are surrounded
by thick carbohydrate coats (4,5), termed the “glycocalyx.” The glycocalyx is
comprised of protein- and lipid-bound oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
attached to membrane-associated proteins and lipids. Although electron
micrographs visualize the glycocalyx as a distinct boundary many times the
thickness of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, in reality, the glycocalyx
is probably even larger and is contiguous with the extrinsically associated
extracellular matrix glycoconjugates, which are washed away during sample
preparation for microscopy. Even the simplest eukaryotic cell, the erythrocyte,
has a large and complex glycocalyx 

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology