❞ كتاب DNA Topoisomerase Protocols ❝ ⏤ Mary-Ann Bjornsti and Neil Osheroff

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

The helical structure of duplex DNA allows for the faithful duplication and
transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next, at the
same time maintaining the integrity of the polynucleotide chains. The complementary nature of the two antiparallel DNA strands enables each to serve as a
template for the synthesis of the respective daughter DNA strands. The intertwining of these polynucleotide chains in duplex DNA further ensures the
integrity of the DNA helix by physically linking the individual strands in a
structure stabilized by hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions between
the hydrophobic bases. However, these same features pose a number of topological constraints that affect most processes involving DNA, such as DNA
replication, transcription, and nucleosome assembly (reviewed in [1–4]).
During semiconservative DNA replication, for example, the progressive
unwinding of the DNA template requires a swivel in the DNA duplex to alleviate the overwinding of the strands ahead of the moving replication fork. Of
course, the replication apparatus may simply follow the helical path of the DNA
template strands. However, this soon leads to a second problem of how to
unlink the interwound DNA helices following the completion of DNA synthesis. This decatenation of daughter molecules is absolutely required in the case
of circular genomes and plasmids, in which the template strands are physically
linked circles. Similar considerations apply to the process of transcription,
where the movement of a transcription complex along the DNA template may
also produce a local unwinding of the DNA behind and overwinding of the
DNA ahead. This may be viewed

Biology
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Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology