❞ كتاب Protein Sequencing Protocols ❝ ⏤ Bryan John Smith

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

Strategies for Handling Polypeptides
on a Micro-Scale
Bryan John Smith and Paul Tempst
1. Introduction
Samples for sequence analysis frequently are in far from plentiful supply.
Preparation of protein without loss, contamination or modification becomes
more problematical as the amount of the sample decreases. The most successful approach is likely to include the minimum number of steps, at any of which
a problem might arise. The strategy for preparation of a given protein will
depend on its own particular properties, but several points of advice apply.
These are:
• Minimize sample loss: see Note 1.
• Minimize contamination of the sample: see Note 2.
• Minimize artificial modification of the sample: see Note 3.
When it comes to sample purification, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is
a common method of choice, since it is suited to sub-µg amounts of sample,
entails minimal sample handling, is quick, and has high resolving power. Proteins may be fragmented while in the gel (see Chapters 5 and 6), or electroeluted
from it using commercially available equipment. Commonly, however, proteins and peptides are transferred onto membranes prior to analysis by various
strategies as described in Chapter 4. Capillary electrophoresis (Chapter 8) and
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are alternative separation
techniques. Capillary electrophoresis has sufficient sensitivity to be useful for
few µg or sub- µg amounts of sample. For maximum sensitivity on HPLC,
columns of 1 mm or less inside diameter (id) may be used, but for doing so
there are considerations extra to those that apply to use of larger-bore columns.
These are discussed below.

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology