❞ كتاب PCR Mutation Detection Protocols ❝ ⏤ Bimal D. M. Theophilus

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

As we enter the new millennium, it is tempting to speculate what may lie ahead
in future years, decades, and even centuries. In the area of the medical and life
sciences at least, we can speculate with perhaps more certainty than may be
possible in other areas. The exciting stage at which we find ourselves in the field
of molecular genetics means that we can be in no doubt that the application of
DNA technology will underlie many major advances in medicine in the coming
decades. While international research efforts seek to demonstrate the viability of
gene therapy, a major present application of human molecular genetics is the
identification of disease-causing mutations. This information may be used for
prenatal and carrier diagnoses, or to aid early detection and determine appropriate treatment of various disease states. While, traditionally, progress has been in
diseases caused by mutations in single genes, present research is unraveling the
underlying molecular basis of multigene disorders such as cancers, as well as
identifying increasing numbers of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In addition, the completion of the human genome project
will no doubt advance the pace of discovery even further, and also provide new
possibilities for diagnosis and treatment.
The rapidly increasing applications of DNA technology to disease diagnosis
has spawned numerous molecular diagnostic laboratories with an interest in
mutation detection methodology. Such laboratories would like the availability of
a single mutation method that is cheap, fast, with 100% detection in kilobase
lengths of DNA, and does not require specialized equipment or harmful reagents.
However, because no such universally applicable method exists, the present state
of play is a plethora of methodology, from which the user makes a choice based
on facilities, expertise, frequency of use, detection rate demanded, and whether
the application purpose is diagnostic (detection of the presence or absence of a
known mutation) or involves screening a candidate gene for a new unidentified
mutation

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology