❞ كتاب Lecture Notes in Mathematics Mathematical biosciences subseries ❝ ⏤ The U niversity o f Edinburgh

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

The genetic evaluation o f sport horses is com m on practice on the Continent and in
Ireland but, until now, has not been carried out in Great Britain. The aim o f this
project was to derive m odels for predicting breeding values for British bred sport
horses and hence develop procedures for their evaluation. The research consisted
predom inantly o f the estim ation o f genetic and phenotypic param eters from two
datasets; results from the Young Horse Evaluation Series (YHE), which assesses 4
year old potential sport horses, and com petition data on UK eventing horses. Eleven
traits were m easured in the YHE, including a veterinary score, conform ation, paces
and jum ping ability. A small dataset led to some problem s and m eant that
heritabilities could not be predicted, however, the predicted repeatabilities were
sufficient in m agnitude and precision to indicate that the YHE m ay prove useful as a
test o f individuals. A m uch larger and more com prehensive dataset was available for
UK eventing horses. Penalty points from each o f the three phases - dressage,
show jum ping and cross country - and overall com petition were converted to normal
scores for analysis. Each phase was separated into 4 different grades o f com petition
- pre novice, novice, interm ediate and advanced. Results showed heritabilities
significantly different from zero for all phases (0.02-0.23). Correlations between the
grades for each phase were high, suggesting that it should be possible to predict a
horse’s perform ance at advanced level by its perform ance at novice or pre novice
level. For the first tim e, the proportions o f variance attributed to the rider, perm anent
environm ental effect and genetics o f the horse were estim ated separately. These
estim ates showed that for m ost grades and phases the m ost important com ponent was
the perm anent environm ental effect, w ith the rider and genetics becom ing more
im portant as the grades become more challenging. This analysis allowed the
successful prediction o f estim ated breeding values (EBVs), horse values (HVs) and
rider values (RVs). Using these values, the intensity o f selection on sires, horses and
riders progressing from the pre novice to advanced grades in each o f the phases of
eventing com petition was investigated.

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology