❞ كتاب Methods in Molecular Biology ❝ ⏤ Paul N. MacDonald

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

Many, if not all, essential biological processes require selective interactions
between proteins. Complex signaling systems require sequential, ordered
protein–protein interactions at essentially all levels of the signaling cascade. For
example, peptide hormones interact with selective membrane receptor proteins,
and autophosphorylation of the receptor then recruits other key regulatory
proteins that initiate kinase cascades in which each phosphorylation event
requires selective recognition of the protein substrate. The ultimate signaling
effect, in many cases, is the regulation of RNA polymerase II-directed transcription in the nucleus, a process that involves numerous, multiprotein complexes
important for transcription initiation, elongation, termination, and reinitiation.
Defining, characterizing, and understanding the relevance of these protein–
protein interactions is an arduous task, but substantial inroads have been made
over the past 20 years. The development of more recent methodologies, such as
mammalian expression systems, immunopurification schemes, expression
cloning strategies, surface plasmon resonance (BiaCore), and nanosequencing
technologies, has contributed a wealth of new insights into these complex
multiprotein mechanisms and clearly accelerated the discovery process.
Arguably, the yeast two-hybrid system has been one of the predominant and most
powerful tools in this discovery process

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology