❞ كتاب Methods in Molecular Biology ❝ ⏤ Joanna B. Wilson Gerhard H. W. May

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

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Epstein-Barr Virus
The B95-8 Strain Map
Paul J. Farrell
1. Introduction
This chapter summarizes the genes and mRNAs that have been mapped on to the
B95-8 EBV genome. The complete sequence of this strain of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
was established (1,2) and data from many publications has been integrated into the
map, which is an update of that published previously (3). The B95-8 strain grows well
in laboratory culture and transforms human B lymphocytes efficiently, but B95-8 EBV
has about 11.8 kb deleted relative to other strains of EBV. The sequence of that region
has been determined in the Raji strain of EBV and a map has been published (4).
Detailed literature citations for most of the features have been published (3). The map
should be used in conjunction with the B95-8 EBV DNA sequence, which can be
accessed in the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL; embl:ebv.seq) or
Genbank databases. The feature tables shown in those database files have not yet been
revised so the information shown in this map is considerably more up to date.
2. Repeat Sequences
There are several regions of the genome that contain tandem repeat sequences.
Some of these are large repeat units (for example, the major internal repeat is 3072 bp
and the terminal repeat is 538 bp) but some are much simpler repeats. In most virus
preparations, there will be a distribution of copy number of these repeats, so it is important to appreciate that the viral map and coordinates are just one reference example of
genome structure. Generally the repeat numbers in the B95-8 map are thought to be
typical, although it now appears that the 11.5 copies of the major internal repeat
inserted into the B95-8 sequence may be an over-estimate, about 8.5 being more usual
in B95-8 EBV (5)

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology