❞ كتاب Richard Bucala, Richard Bucala-MIF-World Scientific Publishing Company ❝ ⏤ Christine N. Metz* and Richard Bucala

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

Although first described as a soluble activity produced by activated T cells nearly four decades ago,
interest in macrophage migration inhibitory factor
(MIF) was rekindled when the mouse homolog of this
protein was identified to be secreted from the anterior
pituitary gland in a hormone-like fashion (Bernhagen
et al., 1993). Initially, MIF was shown to play a
critical role in the host inflammatory response to
endotoxin. Further studies showed that the inflammatory activity of MIF was mediated by its ability to
promote proinflammatory cytokine release (Calandra
et al., 1994) and to suppress the anti-inflammatory
effects of glucocorticoids (Calandra et al., 1995;
Bacher et al., 1996). Since the identification of MIF as
a unique proinflammatory molecule and the development of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, several
reports have been published describing the role of
MIF in inflammatory diseases, including arthritis,
glomerulonephritis, peritonitis, and the delayed-type
hypersensitivity reaction. Clinical evidence demonstrating increased MIF expression during inflammatory disease pathogenesis further supports the
potential role of MIF in inflammation. In addition to
its role in the inflammatory response, MIF has been
shown to exhibit growth-promoting activities. Recent
investigations by two independent laboratories have
revealed that immunoneutralization of MIF can inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis (Chesney et al.,
1999; Shimizu et al., 1999b). Further-more, MIF has
been shown to inactivate p53, a potent tumor suppressor molecule (Hudson et al., 1999) supporting the
role of MIF in cellular proliferation. Several chronic
inflammatory conditions are associated with the
development of tumors. Therefore, the identification
of MIF as a suppressor of p53 activity might provide a mechanistic link between inflammation and
tumorigenesis.

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology