❞ كتاب Molecular Ecology ❝ ⏤ Joanna R. Freeland

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

The theory and practice of molecular ecology draw on a number of subjects,
particularly genetics, ecology and evolutionary biology. Although the foundations
of molecular ecology are not particularly new, it did not emerge until the 1980s as
the discipline that we now recognize. Since that time the growth of molecular
ecology has been explosive, in part because molecular data are becoming increasingly accessible and also because it is, by its very nature, a collaborative discipline.
Molecular ecology is now a broad area of research that embraces topics as varied as
population genetics, conservation genetics, molecular evolution, behavioural
ecology and biogeography, and has added much to our understanding of ecology.
Researchers in molecular ecology now routinely publish their work in a wide
range of ecological and evolutionary journals (including Molecular Ecology, first
published in 1992), and also in more general publications such as Science and
Nature.
Although somewhat varied, the areas of research within molecular ecology are
united by the fact that they all use molecular genetic data to help us understand the
ecology and evolution of organisms in the wild. Although there are many excellent
texts that cover general ecology and evolution, there is currently a shortage of
books that provide a comprehensive overview of molecular ecology. The most
important goal of this book, therefore, has been to present molecular genetics,
population genetics and applied molecular ecology in a logical and uncomplicated
-- but not oversimplified -- manner, using up-to-date examples from a wide range
of taxa. This text is aimed at upper-level undergraduate and postgraduate students,
as well as at researchers who may be relatively new to molecular ecology or are
thinking about different ways to address their research questions using molecular
data

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology