❞ كتاب The Philosophy of Logical Atomism (Library of Living Philosophers) by Bertrand Russell(December 31, 1998) Paperback ❝ ⏤ برتراند راسل

A SERIES OF LECTURES ON RUSSELL’S EARLY POST-“PRINCIPIA” PHILOSOPHY

Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872–1970) was an influential British philosopher, logician, mathematician, and political activist. In 1950, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. [NOTE: page numbers below refer to the 188-page Open Court paperback edition.]

This book contains a series of lectures given in the winter of 1917-1918; they were first published in The Monist in 1918, then reprinted in Logic and Knowledge in 1956. A 1924 essay called “Logical Atomism” is added at the end of the book.

He explains, “The reason that I call my doctrine LOGICAL atomism is because the atoms that I wish to arrive at as the sort of last residue in analysis are logical atoms and not physical atoms. Some of them will be what I call ‘particulars’---such things as little patches of colour or sounds, momentary things---and some of them will be predicates or relations and so on. The point is that that atom I wish to arrive at is the atom of logical analysis, not the atom of physical analysis.” (Pg. 37)

He adds later, “That is one of the characteristics of logical propositions, that they mention nothing… All those words that come in the statement of a pure logical proposition are words really belonging to syntax. They are words merely expressing form or connection, not mentioning any particular constituent of the proposition in which they occur. This is, of course, a thing that wants to be proved; I am not laying it down as self-evident.” (Pg. 43)

He also acknowledges, “A very great deal of what I am saying in this course of lectures consists of ideas which I derived from my friend [Ludwig] Wittgenstein. But I have had no opportunity of knowing how far his ideas have changed since August 1914 [Wittgenstein served in the Austrian army during WWI], nor whether he is alive or dead, so I cannot make anyone but myself responsible for them.” (Pg. 66-67)

He admits, “When I speak of a symbol I simply mean something that ‘means’ something else, and as to what I mean by ‘meaning’ I am not prepared to tell you.” (Pg. 45) He adds, “I am trying as far as possible … to start with perfectly plain truisms. My desire and wish is that the things I start with should be so obvious that you wonder why I spend my time stating them… the point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it.” (Pg. 53)
برتراند راسل - فيلسوف وعالم منطق ورياضي ومؤرخ وناقد اجتماعي بريطاني. في مراحل مختلفة من حياته، كان راسل ليبرالياً واشتراكياً وداعية سلام، إلا أنه أقر أنه لم يكن أياً من هؤلاء بالمعنى العميق.

وعلى الرغم من قضائه معظم حياته في إنجلترا، وُلد راسل في ويلز وتوفي عن عمر ناهز الـ 100 عاما.

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