❞ كتاب Longman Communication 3000 ❝

1
LONGMAN COMMUNICATION 3000
Longman Communication 3000
The
Longman Communication 3000
is a list of
the 3000 most frequent words in both spoken
and written English, based on statistical
analysis of the 390 million words contained
in the Longman Corpus Network – a group of
corpuses or databases of authentic English
language. The
Longman Communication 3000
represents the core of the English language and
shows students of English which words are the
most important for them to learn and study
in order to communicate effectively in both
speech and writing.
Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network
shows that these 3000 most frequent words
in spoken and written English account for
86% of the language. This means that by
knowing this list of words, a learner of English
is in a position to understand 86% or more of
what he or she reads. Of course, “knowing”
a word involves more than simply being able
to recognise it and know a main meaning of
it. Many of the most frequent words have
a range of different meanings, a variety of
different grammatical patterns, and numerous
significant collocations. Nonetheless, a basic
understanding of the
Longman Communication
3000
is a very powerful tool and will help
students develop good comprehension and
communication skills in English.
‘This [frequency] information is gold dust for
the language learner. LDOCE shows in graphic
and immediate form which words are really
worth learning and knowing how to use.’
Jeremy Harmer, ELT author
To ensure that users have access to the
appropriate information, the
Longman
Dictionary of Contemporary English
marks all
the words that are in the
Longman
Communication 3000
in red accompanied by
special symbols:
W
1
,
W
2
, and
W
3
for words that
are in the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most
frequent words in written English, and
S1
,
S2
and
S3
for the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most
frequent words in spoken English. Nowadays,
many learner’s dictionaries include information
about the most frequent words in English, but
Longman dictionaries are the only ones to
highlight the differences between spoken and
written frequency.
These frequency markers added to the
headwords in the dictionary give users access
to a wealth of information that can help the
selection of the appropriate word or phrase in
a variety of situations. Not only are the words
and meanings given descriptive labels, for
example
formal
or
informal
,
AmE
(American
English) or
BrE
(British English),
humorous
,
old-fashioned
, but now they have the added
information about relative frequency in spoken
and written language.
Take for example the verb
book
(in the meaning
of
book a table at a restaurant
). It is marked
as
S2
– one of the top 2000 words of spoken
English. Note that is has no marker for written
English because according to corpus analysis,
it is not part of the top 3000 most frequent
words in written English. However, the entry
also indicates that a synonym for
book
is
reserve
which is in the top 3000 most frequent words
in written English. The conclusion to be drawn
from this is that in speaking (for instance when
phoning a hotel or restaurant),
book
is the most
appropriate verb to use when asking for a room
or table to be kept for you. In writing, however,
it would be more appropriate to use
reserve
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