❞ كتاب Organic Chemistry ❝

Organic Chemistry من كتب علمية

(Subject Area: Organic Chemistry)
Article
Authors
Pages in the
Encyclopedia
Acetylene
Robert J. Tedeschi
Pages 55-89
Alkaloids
Armin Guggisberg and
Manfred Hesse
Pages 477-493
Bioconjugate
Chemistry
Claude F. Meares
Pages 93-98
Carbohydrates
Hassan S. El Khadem
Pages 369-416
Catalysis,
Homogeneous
Piet W. N. M. van Leeuwen
Pages 457-490
Fuel Chemistry
Sarma V. Pisupadti
Pages 253-274
Heterocyclic
Chemistry
Charles M. Marson
Pages 321-343
Organic Chemical
Systems, Theory
Josef Michl
Pages 435-457
Organic Chemistry,
Synthesis
John Welch
Pages 497-515
Organic Macrocycles
J. Ty Redd, Reed M. Izatt
and Jerald S. Bradshaw
Pages 517-528
Organometallic
Chemistry
Robert H. Crabtree
Pages 529-538
Pharmaceuticals,
Controlled Release of
Giancarlo Santus and
Richard W. Baker
Pages 791-803
Physical Organic
Chemistry
Charles L. Perrin
Pages 211-243
Stereochemistry
Ernest L. Eliel
Pages 79-93

GLOSSARY
Acetylenic
Pertaining to organic compounds containing
a triple bond (
C
C
) or acetylene group in the
molecule.
Adjuvant
Acetylenic diol used with pesticides to en-
hance activity, lower the rate of application, and in-
crease safety.
Alkynol
Primary, secondary, or tertiary acetylenic alco-
hol with the hydroxyl group generally adjacent or
α
to
the triple bond.
Ammoxidation
Acrylonitrile manufactured by oxidation
of propylene in the presence of ammonia.
Aprotic
Pertaining to highly polar solvents such as
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphospho-
ramide (HMPA),
N
-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), and
acetonitrile that can hydrogen bond or complex with
acetylene and acetylenic compounds; used to dissolve
and activate acetylene.
Carbonylation
Reaction of acetylene with carbon
monoxide and alcohols to form acrylate esters; Reppe
process.
Commodity chemicals
Large-volume, multitonnage
chemicals, some of which are derived from acetylene.
Ethynylation
Reaction of acetylene with aldehydes and
ketones to form acetylenic alcohols and diols.
Grignard
Organomagnesium halide used in acetylenic
and other syntheses.
Oil-well acidizing
Use of acetylenic alcohols (alkynols)
as corrosion inhibitors to protect steel pipe during
acidizing operations undertaken to free oil from lime-
stone formations.
Pesticides
Agricultural chemicals including herbicides,
insecticides, miticides, fungicides, and bacterial con-
trol agents.
Reppe products and technology
Pioneered by Dr.
Walter Reppe of the I. G. Farben; various prod-
ucts derived from the reaction of acetylene with

ACETYLENE CHEMISTRY is the chemistry of the
carbon–carbon triple bond ( C C ). This functionality

defines the unique chemistry of this reactive group, in ad-
dition to its diverse and important applications. The high

electron density of the triple bond with its circular, sym-
metrical π field makes acetylene and its derivatives reac-
tive and useful intermediates for synthesizing a wide va-
riety of organic compounds. These organic products find

wide use in the synthesis of flavors and fragrances, vita-
mins A, E, and K, β-carotene, pesticides, surfactants, cor-
rosion inhibitors, and specially intermediates. This article

describes the technology and applications of acetylene,
acetylenic compounds, and the chemicals derived from
them.
In the mid-1960s more than 1 billion pounds of
acetylene were used annually for the production of

large-volume (commodity) chemicals. Since then, acety-
lene has been gradually supplanted by less expensive

olefin feedstocks. However, acetylene is still used in
multimillion-pound levels to produce Reppe chemicals
(butynediol, propargyl alcohol, butanediol, butyrolactone,
N-methylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and vinyl
ether copolymers) and specialty acetylenic chemicals and
their derivatives. Large volumes of butanediol are used in

the manufacture of engineering plastics such as polybuty-
lene terephthalate. Other significant uses for acetylene in

specialty areas include acetylene black, vitamins A and E,
flavor–fragrance (F & F) compounds, corrosion inhibitors,

acetylenic surfactants, and pesticides. Acetylenic chemi-
cals, polymers, and derivatives of potential value in re-
search and commerce are also discussed. Some special

aspects of acetylene chemistry research in Russia are also
summarized.
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