❞ كتاب Booklet Poultry Diseases ❝

IMPORTANT POULTRY DISEASES

5
4
Infectious Respiratory diseases
Aspergillosis
10
Avain Influenza
12
Avian Metapneumovirus Rhinotracheitis/TRT
14
Infectious Bronchitis
16
Infectious Coryza
20
Infectious Laryngotracheitis
22
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum “CRD”
27
Mycoplasma Synoviae
30
Newcastle Disease
32
Neoplastic Diseases
Lymphoid Leucosis
36
Marek’s disease
38
Avian Adeno virus Diseases
Egg Drop Syndrome ‘76
44
Inclusion Body Hepatitis
48
Miscellaneous Viral Diseases
Avian Encephalomyelitis
54
Chicken Anaemia Virus
58
Fowl Pox
60
Infectious Bursal Disease
62
Malabsorbtion Syndrome/ Runting Stunting Syndrome
66
Reo virus infections
68
Contents
Contents
Miscellaneous Bacterial Diseases
Colibacilosis
72
Fowl Cholera
76
Infectious Synovitis
78
Necrotic Enteritis
80
Ornithobacterium Rhinotracheale (OR)
84
Pullorum disease/Fowl Typhoid
86
Parasitic Diseases
Blackhead
90
Coccidiosis
92
Red Mite
96
Worms
98
Deficiency Diseases
Riboflavin
102
VitaminD3
103
VitaminE
104
Food Safety in Poultry
Introduction
106
Salmonellosis
106
Campylobacter
111
Diagnostics and Sampling
115
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6
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
The first edition of Intervet’s “Important Poultry Diseases” was in
1972 and still it is one of our most wanted publications.
An easy to handle and practical booklet for basic understanding of
the most important poultry diseases for people working in poultry
management.
This is the fifth updated version printed in 2013 with new
additional information based on the new developments in Poultry
Diseases and progress of the MSD Animal Health Poultry Research
in developing additional new products.
MSD Animal Health Research is committed to co-operate with the
poultry industry worldwide to develop and support solutions to
control poultry diseases. MSD Animal Health is more than vaccines
alone.
For detailed information of any of our products please contact the
local MSD Animal Health representative or Intervet International
BV– part of MSD Animal Health.
Intervet International BV
Boxmeer- Holland, P.O. Box 31
5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands
Phone +31 485587600 - Fax +31 485577333
E-mail info@merck.com - www.merck.com
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8
Infectious Respiratory diseases
Infectious Respiratory diseases
Infectious Respiratory diseases
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11
10
Infectious Respiratory diseases
Aspergillosis
Infectious Respiratory diseases
Aspergillosis
Treatment and control
There no specific treatment for infected birds. The best is to remove
and destroy a
!
ected birds.
Strict hygiene in breeder (hatching eggs) and hatchery management is
necessary. Choice and quality of litter is also important to prevent that
spore bearing wood shavings or straw are used.
Hatchery control with anti-fungal disinfectant may be critical to
cleaning and disinfection procedures to control fungus infection.
Gross lesions of the lungs
Aspergillosis
(Fungal Pneumonia)
Cause
The principal fungus causing Aspergillosis in poultry is
Aspergillus
fumigatus
.
Transmission
Transmission is by inhalation of fungus spores from contaminated litter
(e.g. wood shavings, straw) or contaminated feed. Hatcheries may also
contribute to infection of chicks.
Species a
!
ected
Young chickens are very susceptible. Older chickens are more resistant
to infection. Turkey poults, pheasants, quails, ducklings, and goslings
may also become infected.
Clinical signs
Infected chickens are depressed and thirsty. Gasping and rapid
breathing can be observed. Mortality is variable, from 5 to 50 %. Gross
lesions involve the lungs and airsacs primarily. Yellow-white pin head
sized lesions can be found. Sometimes all body cavities are filled with
small yellow-green granular fungus growth.
Diagnosis
The presence of
Aspergillus fumigatus
can be identified microscopically
or sometimes even with the naked eye in the air passages of the lungs,
in the airsacs or in lesions of the abdominal cavity. Aspergillosis can be
confirmed by isolation and identification of the fungus from lesions.
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12
Infectious Respiratory diseases
Avian Influenza
Infectious Respiratory diseases
Avian Influenza
Avian Influenza
(AI)
Cause
Avian Influenza is caused by an
Orthomyxovirus
; there are several
serotypes.
Currently we know there are 16 H- types and 9 N-types and they can
show up in all kinds of combinations. For poultry the most important
ones are H5, H7 and H9. Pathogenicity varies with the strains HPAI and
LPAI (high or low pathogenic AI).
Transmission
AI virus is excreted from nares, mouth, conjunctiva and cloaca.
Airborne virus particles from the respiratory tract, droppings, and
people carrying virus on their clothing and equipment are the main
routes of transmission. Migratory water fowl and other wild birds
infected with AI virus may be a source of infection.
Species a
!
ected
Avian Influenza viruses have been shown to naturally infect a wide
variety of wild and domestic birds. In poultry production main problems
are in chickens, turkeys and ducks.
Clinical signs
Clinical signs will vary, depending on the pathogenicity (HPAI and LPAI)
of AI virus involved and other factors as host species, sex, concurrent
infections, acquired immunity and environmental factors.
LPAI shows generally mild symptoms: respiratory coughing sneezing,
wet eyes, nasal discharge depression, lethargy limited reduction of feed
intake and limited drop in egg production; low mortality rate.
HPAI shows fast onset with increased mortality even before clinical
signs are seen, depression, drop in feed and water intake, severe drop
in egg production and mortality can vary between 50-90%.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs are indicative for AI; final confirmation by laboratory testing:
-
Direct detection of AI proteins or Nucleic acids(RNA) using PCR.
-
Virus isolation from infected organs, tracheal or cloacal swabs.
-
Serology from blood samples after infection and for routine
monitoring showing specific AI antibodies.
Treatment
There is no treatment for Avian Influenza. Antibiotics will help to
control secondary bacterial infections.
Prevention and control
In many countries AI is a notifiable disease with specific local
regulations on its control.
In AI free areas the disease(LPAI and HPAI) is controlled by monitoring
and stamping out.
In case of LPAI infected areas countries can decide to allow vaccination
only for LPAI.
In case of endemic HPAI and/or LPAI vaccination might be allowed.
Vaccination is generally done with inactivated AI vaccines based on the
strain H-type causing the outbreaks

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