❞ كتاب the rightly guided caliphs الخلفاء الراشدين ❝ ⏤ ahmad zidan أحمد زيدان

الخلفاء الراشدون هو مصطلح يشير إلى الخلفاء المسلمين الأوائل الذين تعاقبوا على إمارة المسلمين بعد وفاة الرسول محمد بما عُرف بالخلافة الراشدة، وتتمايز عن خلفاء الدولة الأموية، وتتفق الآراء على أن تلك الفترة هي 30 عاما (11 هـ-41 هـ)، واشتمالها على خلافة كل من أبي بكر وعمر بن الخطاب وعثمان بن عفان وعلي بن أبي طالب، كانت المدينة المنورة عاصمتهم إلى ان اتخذ علي بن أبي طالب الكوفة عاصمة له. توسعت في عهودهم سيطرة الإسلام إلى خارج حدود شبه الجزيرة العربية.

The Rightly Guided Caliphs is a term that refers to the first Muslim caliphs who succeeded in the emirate of Muslims after the death of the Prophet Muhammad with what was known as the Rashidun Caliphate, and is distinct from the successors of the Umayyad state. From Abu Bakr, Umar bin Al-Khattab, Othman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib, Medina was their capital until Ali bin Abi Talib took Kufa as his capital. During their reigns, the rule of Islam expanded beyond the borders of the Arabian Peninsula.

Umar (Arabic: عمر ابن الخطاب‎, romanized: `Umar ibn al-Khattāb, c. 586–590 – 644[5]:685) c. 2 November (Dhu al-Hijjah 26, 23 Hijri[8]) was a leading companion and adviser to Muhammad. His daughter Hafsa bint Umar was married to Muhammad; thus he became Muhammad's father-in-law. He became the second Muslim caliph after Muhammad's death and ruled for 10 years.[9] He succeeded Abu Bakr on 23 August 634 as the second caliph, and played a significant role in Islam. Under Umar the Islamic empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire.[10] His legislative abilities, his firm political and administrative control over a rapidly expanding empire and his brilliantly coordinated multi-prong attacks against the Sassanid Persian Empire that resulted in the conquest of the Persian empire in less than two years, marked his reputation as a great political and military leader. Among his conquests are Jerusalem, Damascus, and Egypt.[11] He was killed by a Persian captive named Firouz Nahavandi.
 

برجراف عن الخلفاء الراشدين
الخلفاء الراشدين بالترتيب
بحث عن الخلفاء الراشدين
The Rightly Guided Caliphs
مقدمة عن الخلفاء الراشدين بالانجليزي