❞ رواية Looking Backward, 2000-1887 ❝ ⏤ Edward Bellamy

هذا القسم يحتوي علي العديد من القصص والروايات باللغة الإنجليزية

(Stories and novels) القصص والروايات
الرواية هي سرد نثري طويل يصف شخصيات خيالية أو واقعية وأحداثاً على شكل قصة متسلسلة، كما أنها أكبر الأجناس القصصية من حيث الحجم وتعدد الشخصيات وتنوع الأحداث، وقد ظهرت في أوروبا بوصفها جنساً أدبياً مؤثراً في القرن الثامن عشر، والرواية حكاية تعتمد السرد بما فيه من وصف وحوار وصراع بين الشخصيات وما ينطوي عليه ذلك من تأزم وجدل وتغذيه الأحداث
A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, normally written in prose form, and which is typically published as a book. The present English word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the Italian novella for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the Latin novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of novellus, diminutive of novus, meaning "new". Walter Scott made a distinction between the novel, in which (as he saw it) "events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of society" and the romance, which he defined as "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents". However, many such romances, including the historical romances of Scott, Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights and Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, are also frequently called novels, and Scott describes romance as a "kindred term". This sort of romance is in turn different from the genre fiction love romance or romance novel
A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a "single effect" or mood.

A dictionary definition is "an invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot."

The short story is a crafted form in its own right. Short stories make use of plot, resonance, and other dynamic components as in a novel, but typically to a lesser degree. While the short story is largely distinct from the novel or novella (a shorter novel), authors generally draw from a common pool of literary techniques.

Looking Backward, 2000-1887    

INTRODUCTION
BY HEYWOOD BROUN
A good many of my radical friends express a certain kindly condescension when they
speak of Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward."
"Of course you know," they say, "that it really isn't first-rate economics."
And yet in further conversation I have known a very large number of these same
somewhat scornful Socialists to admit, "You know, the first thing that got me started to
thinking about Socialism was Bellamy's 'Looking Backward.'"
From the beginning it has been a highly provocative book. It is now. Many of the
questions both of mood and technique are even more pertinent in the year 1931 than they
were in 1887. A critic of the Boston Transcript said, when the novel first appeared, that
the new State imagined by Bellamy was all very well, but that the author lost much of his
effectiveness by putting his Utopia a scant fifty years ahead, and that he might much
better have made it seventy-five centuries.
The Project Gutenberg Canada eBook of "Looking Backward", by Edwa... http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25439/25439-h/25439-h.htm
3 of 145 9/25/2011 12:07 AM
It is true that the fifty years assigned for changing the world utterly are almost gone by
now. Not everything which was predicted in "Looking Backward" has come to pass. But
the laugh is not against Bellamy, but against his critic. Some of the things which must
have seemed most improbable of all to the Transcript man of 1887 are now actually in
being.
In one respect Edward Bellamy set down a picture of modern American life which is
almost a hundred per cent realized. It startled me to read the passage in which Edith
shows the musical schedule to Julian West, and tells him to choose which selection he
wishes to have brought through the air into the music room
 

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