❞ رواية The Death of Ivan Ilych ❝ ⏤ Leo Tolstoy

هذا القسم يحتوي علي العديد من القصص والروايات باللغة الإنجليزية

(Stories and novels) القصص والروايات
الرواية هي سرد نثري طويل يصف شخصيات خيالية أو واقعية وأحداثاً على شكل قصة متسلسلة، كما أنها أكبر الأجناس القصصية من حيث الحجم وتعدد الشخصيات وتنوع الأحداث، وقد ظهرت في أوروبا بوصفها جنساً أدبياً مؤثراً في القرن الثامن عشر، والرواية حكاية تعتمد السرد بما فيه من وصف وحوار وصراع بين الشخصيات وما ينطوي عليه ذلك من تأزم وجدل وتغذيه الأحداث
A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, normally written in prose form, and which is typically published as a book. The present English word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the Italian novella for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the Latin novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of novellus, diminutive of novus, meaning "new". Walter Scott made a distinction between the novel, in which (as he saw it) "events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of society" and the romance, which he defined as "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents". However, many such romances, including the historical romances of Scott, Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights and Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, are also frequently called novels, and Scott describes romance as a "kindred term". This sort of romance is in turn different from the genre fiction love romance or romance novel
A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a "single effect" or mood.

A dictionary definition is "an invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot."

The short story is a crafted form in its own right. Short stories make use of plot, resonance, and other dynamic components as in a novel, but typically to a lesser degree. While the short story is largely distinct from the novel or novella (a shorter novel), authors generally draw from a common pool of literary techniques.

The Death of Ivan Ilych    

 Introduction:
The Death of Ivan Ilych – alternately called a short story or a novella – is probably the most
famous shorter work of Count Leo Tolstoy. Since it was published in 1886, in Volume 12 of
Tolstoy's collected works (edited by his wife, Countess Sofia Tolstoy), it's been hailed as a
masterpiece by critics and readers. Ivan Ilych also acquired a reputation as one of the modern
treatments of death – one that has changed the way that subject is treated.
Writing about death was nothing new, to be sure. In the 19th century, death had been a
favorite subject of the Romantics and many writers who came after them. They just couldn't
stop talking about it, and created dying romantic heroes of all kinds: star-crossed lovers with
tragic deaths, lonely tortured artists who came to painfully beautiful ends, and valiant men in
battle who sacrificed themselves. (Our popular culture still owes a lot to the Romantics.)
What was new and remarkable in Tolstoy's work was how unremarkable its main character –
and his death – was. The Death of Ivan Ilych is the story of a painfully ordinary government
official who comes down with an untreatable illness and dies at home slowly, painfully, and
full of loneliness. He's middle aged, has an unhappy family life, and a petty personality.
Rather than turning to religion, art, or the love of his life to cope with death, he turns to 
doctors. About as far from a dying romantic hero as you can get. Much more like, well, us
normal people.
Tolstoy himself, on the other hand, was very far from being an average Joe by the time he
wrote Ivan Ilych. Tolstoy was born in 1828 to one of the most prominent Russian families
(yes, he was a real count). Before he turned 50 he had produced both War and Peace (1869)
and Anna Karenina (1877), which are traditionally considered to be among the greatest
novels ever (Time magazine ranks them at number 3 and number 1, respectively). It's no
surprise, then, that he also enjoyed the reputation of being one of the greatest writers in the
world at the time.
 

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