❞ رواية Roots ❝ ⏤ Alex Haley

هذا القسم يحتوي علي العديد من القصص والروايات باللغة الإنجليزية

(Stories and novels) القصص والروايات
الرواية هي سرد نثري طويل يصف شخصيات خيالية أو واقعية وأحداثاً على شكل قصة متسلسلة، كما أنها أكبر الأجناس القصصية من حيث الحجم وتعدد الشخصيات وتنوع الأحداث، وقد ظهرت في أوروبا بوصفها جنساً أدبياً مؤثراً في القرن الثامن عشر، والرواية حكاية تعتمد السرد بما فيه من وصف وحوار وصراع بين الشخصيات وما ينطوي عليه ذلك من تأزم وجدل وتغذيه الأحداث
A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, normally written in prose form, and which is typically published as a book. The present English word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the Italian novella for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the Latin novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of novellus, diminutive of novus, meaning "new". Walter Scott made a distinction between the novel, in which (as he saw it) "events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of society" and the romance, which he defined as "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents". However, many such romances, including the historical romances of Scott, Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights and Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, are also frequently called novels, and Scott describes romance as a "kindred term". This sort of romance is in turn different from the genre fiction love romance or romance novel
A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a "single effect" or mood.

A dictionary definition is "an invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot."

The short story is a crafted form in its own right. Short stories make use of plot, resonance, and other dynamic components as in a novel, but typically to a lesser degree. While the short story is largely distinct from the novel or novella (a shorter novel), authors generally draw from a common pool of literary techniques.

Roots    

Early in the spring of 1750, in the village of Juffure, four days
upriver from the coast of The Gambia, WestAfrica, a man
child was born to Omoro and Binta Kinte. Forcing forth from
Binta's strong young body, he was as black as she was,
flecked and slippery with Binta's blood, and he was bawling.
The two wrinkled midwives, old Nyo Boto and the baby's
Grandmother Yaisa, saw that it was a boy and laughed with
joy.According to the forefathers, a boy firstborn presaged the
special blessings ofAllah not only upon the parents but also
upon the parents' families; and there was the prideful
knowledge that the name of Kinte would thus be both
distinguished and perpetuated. It was the hour before the first
crowing of the cocks, and along with Nyo Boto and Grandma
Yaisa's clatterings, the first sound the child heard was the
muted, rhythmic bompabompabomp of wooden pestles as the
other women of the village pounded couscous grain in their
mortars, preparing the traditional breakfast of porridge that
was cooked in earthen pots over a fire built among three
rocks. The thin blue smoke went curling up, pungent and
pleasant, over the small dusty village of round mud huts as the
nasal wailing of Kajali Demba, the village alimamo, began,
calling men to the first of the five daily prayers that had been
offered up to Allah for as long as anyone living could
remember. Hastening from their beds of bamboo cane and
cured hides into their rough cotton tunics, the men of the
village filed briskly to the praying place, where the alimamo
led the worship: "AllahuAkbar! Ashadu an lailahailala!" (God
is great! I bear witness that there is only one God! It was after
this, as the men were returning toward their home compounds
for breakfast, that Omoro rushed among them, beaming and
excited, to tell them of his firstborn son. Congratulating him, all
of the men echoed the omens of good fortune. Each man,
back in his own hut, accepted a calabash of porridge from his
wife. Returning to their kitchens in the rear of the compound,
the wives fed next their children, and finally themselves. When
they had finished eating, the men took up their short, bent
 

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