❞ كتاب Statistics for Biology and Health Warren J. Ewens, Gregory R. Grant-Statistical Methods in Bioinformatics ❝ ⏤ Warren J. Ewens, Gregory R. Grant

Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

نبذه عن الكتاب:

remote common ancestor. This kind of calculation is very common in
bioinformatics.
If the sequences were each generated at random, with the four letters a,
g, c, and t having equal probabilities of occurring at any position, then the
two sequences should tend to agree at about one quarter of the positions.
The two sequences above agree at 11 out of 26 positions. How unlikely is
this outcome if the sequences were generated at random?We cannot answer
this question until we understand some properties of random sequences. It
will be shown that under the assumptions of equal probabilities for a, g, c,
and t at any site, and independence of all nucleotides involved, that the
probability that there will be 11 or more matches in a sequence comparison
of length 26 is approximately 0.04. (The concept of independence is discussed
more fully in Section 2.2.)Therefore, our observation of 11 matches
might give some evidence that something other than chance is at work. We
may not however say in practice that this procedure provides strong evidence
until we check that sequences arising in practice behave as we have
assumed, that is with equal probabilities for a, g, c, and t at any site, and
independence of all nucleotides involved

Biology
Human biology
Who is the founder of biology?
The importance of biology
Areas of work in the field of biology
Theories of biology
Research on biology for the first grade of secondary school
Human biology