❞ كتاب الادارة الافتراضية ❝ ⏤ روبرت هارجروف

Th e recent surge in international energy prices, combined with incomplete passthrough
to domestic prices, has prompted calls to phase out energy subsidies.1
International energy prices have increased sharply over the past three years, with
the exception of natural gas (Figure 1.1). Yet many low- and middle- income economies
have been reluctant to adjust their domestic energy prices to refl ect these
increases. Th e resulting fi scal costs have been substantial and pose even greater
fi scal risks for these countries if international prices continue to increase. In advanced
economies, pass- through has been higher, but prices remain below the
levels needed to fully capture the negative externalities of energy consumption on
the environment, public health, and traffi c congestion.
Th is volume has two principal purposes: fi rst, to review what works best in
energy subsidy reform, in light of country experiences globally; and second, to
illustrate successes and failures in par tic u lar country contexts by summarizing
22 case studies. A novel feature of the volume is that it presents the most comprehensive
estimates of energy subsidies available, covering petroleum products,
electricity, natural gas, and coal. A central objective of the study underlying this
volume was to learn from past subsidy reform experiences, both successful and
otherwise, in order to identify key design features that can facilitate reform going
forward.
روبرت هارجروف - روبرت كينون هارجروف (بالإنجليزية: Robert Kennon Hargrove)‏ هو قس أمريكي، ولد في 17 سبتمبر 1829 في مقاطعة بيكنز في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 4 أغسطس 1905 في ناشفيل في الولايات المتحدة.
❰ له مجموعة من الإنجازات والمؤلفات أبرزها ❞ الادارة الافتراضية ❝ الناشرين : ❞ الشركة العربية للإعلام العلمي ❝ ❱
من كتب التنميه البشريه - مكتبة كتب التنمية البشرية.