❞ كتاب PHONETICS MANUAL ❝ ⏤ Dr. Rodney Ball

هذا القسم يحتوى علي كل ما يتعلق بعلم الصوتيات.

الصوتيات أو علم النطق أو علم الأصوات الكلامية هو أحد فروع علم اللسانيات، يُعنى بالجهاز الصوتي ومخارج أصوات الكلام الإنساني وتبويبها. كان الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي أول عالم صوتيات عربي والقاموس الذي كتبه فيه أول تصنيف لأصوات اللغة العربية. لكل لغة نظامها الصوتي الخاص بها التي يمكن كتابة أصواتها بنظامها الكتابي أو بالألفبائية الصوتية الدولية الصوتية (IPA) التي تمّكن دارسي اللغات من نطق أصواتها أو التعرف عليها.

تتألَّفُ اللغة من أصوات تجتمع لتُعبِّر عن الأشياء الحسِّيَّة والأفكار المجرَّدة، ويعتمد تصنيف الأصوات اللُّغويَّة على دراسة كيفيَّات الأصوات وطرائق تحقُّقها وإصدارها والآليَّات التي تدخل فيها والأعضاء التي في إنجازها، أي على المعرفة الدقيقة بأعضاء النطق، وعلى الفهم العلميّ لعمليَّة الكلام...

تنقسم الأصوات اللغوية إلى قسمين: الأصوات الصامتة أو الساكنة حرف صامت والأصوات المصوتة أو الصائتة أصوات اللين حرف مصوت.

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status.

Phonetics as a research discipline has three main branches:[2]

Articulatory phonetics: the articulation of speech[3]
Acoustic phonetics: the acoustics of speech
Auditory phonetics: the perception of speech
Phonetic insight is used in several applied linguistic fields such as:

Forensic phonetics: the use of phonetics for legal purposes
Speech recognition: the analysis and transcription of recorded speech by a computer system
Speech synthesis: the production of human speech by a computer system
Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs and how they pattern in and across languages. Phonology has been argued to relate to phonetics via the set of distinctive features, which map the abstract representations of speech units to articulatory gestures, acoustic signals or perceptual representations

contents
1        History
2      Consonants
2.1      Place of articulation
2.1.1    Labial consonants
2.1.2    Coronal consonants
2.1.3    Dorsal consonants
2.1.4    Radical consonants
2.1.5    Glottal consonants
2.2       Manner of articulation
3               Vowels
3.1         Vowel features
3.1.1    Vowel height
3.1.2        Vowel backness
3.1.3    Lip position
3.1.4    Minor features
4    Acoustic and auditory phonetics
5         Anatomy
5.1          The larynx
5.2        Pulmonary and subglottal system
6    Voicing and phonation types
7       Articulatory models
8          Sign languages
9       Transcription

PHONETICS MANUAL

This Introduction to Phonetics was originally a booklet produced in the School
of Modern Languages at the University of Southampton, to serve as a background
and further reading text for the Articulatory Phonetics component of our first-year
Linguistics unit. It focuses on the structure and linguistic function of the vocal tract,
the classification of vowels and consonants, the International Phonetic Alphabet and its
use in phonetic transcription. Though phonology/phonemics is not explicitly covered,
the references to broad and narrow transcription in the final section will point the user
in that direction.
It is primarily addressed to native anglophones, drawing on their knowledge and
experience of English. However, it also contains extensive illustration from standard
French, German and (Castilian) Spanish, with plenty of emphasis on the phonetic
resemblances and differences between these four languages. There are around a
hundred exercises (answers are supplied), in which, again, English, French, German
and Spanish all figure. Though the course is not intended to provide a systematic indepth analysis of the sound system of any individual language, there is enough basic
material here to serve as the starting-point for subsequent language-specific Phonetics
or Linguistics units.

 types of phonetics

 examples 

 sounds

 english 

 pronunciation 

 books

 Definition of Phonetics

 learn English