❞ كتاب CONVERSATIONAL AMERICAN ENGLISH ❝ ⏤ Richard Spears

هذا القسم يحتوى علي مجموعة من الكتب والقصص التي تكسب المتعلم مهاراة التحدث.

المحادثة هي التواصل بين العديد من الناس. إنها مهارة اجتماعية ليست صعبة لمعظم الأفراد. المحادثات هي النموذج المثالي للتواصل في بعض النواحي، حيث أنها تسمح للناس ذوي وجهات النظر المختلفة حول موضوع معين بالتعلم مع بعضهم البعض. وعلى صعيد آخر فالخطاب هو عرضا شفويا من قبل شخص واحد موجها إلى مجموعة من الأفراد.

لمحادثة ناجحة يجب على المشتركين تحقيق توازن عملي في المساهمات. المحادثة الناجحة تشمل تبادل الاتصالات المثيرة للاهتمام بين المتحدثين أو الأشياء التي يعؤفها المتحدثين. لكي يحدث هذا، فإن هؤلاء المشتركون في المحادثة يجب أن يجدوا موضوعا يستطيعون التواصل من خلاله بوعي. أولئك الذين بشتركون في المحادثة بطبيعة الحال يميلون إلى أن ينسبوا ما يقوله المتحدثون الأخرون لأنفسهم. انهم أحيانا يقومون بإظهار جوانب حياتهم في ردودهم من أجل الاتصال بآراء الشخص الآخر أو نقاط الحديث.

Conversation is interactive communication between two or more people.

The development of conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. The development of conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and learning.

Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the structure and organization of human interaction, with a more specific focus on conversational interaction

Contents
1    Definition and characterization
2    Classification
2.1    Banter
2.2    Discussion
2.3    Subject
2.4    Functions
3    Aspects
3.1    Differences between men and women
3.2    Between strangers
3.3    Narcissism
3.4    Artificial intelligence
3.5    One's self
4    In the media
5    Literature
5.1    In fiction
5.2    In "Six Benefits of Better Conversation"

Definition and characterization

No generally accepted definition of conversation exists, beyond the fact that a conversation involves at least two people talking together.[1] Consequently, the term is often defined by what it is not. A ritualized exchange such as a mutual greeting is not a conversation, and an interaction that includes a marked status differential (such as a boss giving orders) is also not a conversation.[2] An interaction with a tightly focused topic or purpose is also generally not considered a conversation.[3] Summarizing these properties, one authority writes that "Conversation is the kind of speech that happens informally, symmetrically, and for the purposes of establishing and maintaining social ties."[4]

From a less technical perspective, a writer on etiquette in the early 20th century defined conversation as the polite give and take of subjects thought of by people talking with each other for company.[5]

Conversations follow rules of etiquette because conversations are social interactions, and therefore depend on social convention. Specific rules for conversation arise from the cooperative principle. Failure to adhere to these rules causes the conversation to deteriorate or eventually to end. Contributions to a conversation are responses to what has previously been said.

Subject
Many conversations can be divided into four categories according to their major subject content:

Subjective ideas, which often serve to extend understanding and awareness.
Objective facts, which may serve to consolidate a widely held view.
Other people (usually absent), which may be either critical, competitive, or supportive. This includes gossip.
Oneself, which sometimes indicate attention-seeking behavior or can provide relevant information about oneself to participants in the conversation.
Practically, few conversations fall exclusively into one category. Nevertheless, the proportional distribution of any given conversation between the categories can offer useful psychological insights into the mind set of the participants. This is the reason that the majority of conversations are difficult to categorize.

Functions
Most conversations may be classified by their goal. Conversational ends may, however, shift over the life of the conversation.

Functional conversation is designed to convey information in order to help achieve an individual or group goal.
Small talk is a type of conversation where the topic is less important than the social purpose of achieving bonding between people or managing personal distance, such as 'how is the weather' might be portrayed as an example, which conveys no practicality whatsoever.

CONVERSATIONAL AMERICAN ENGLISH

Speak confident and learn daily conversations in English for every situations. These real world everyday conversations will help you to master English.

Learnmore than 3,000 English expressions and speak and understand the language easily

As a new speaker of English, you may hear some expressions in your daily conversations that you do not understand--yet. McGraw-Hill's Conversational American English will help you learn these expressions, so not only do you know what a person is saying to you, but that you can use the expression yourself! More than 3,000 expressions are organized by theme, so you can find what you are looking for quickly. And each topic is illustrated to further help you understand context

The book features:

Common expressions are batched into 350 themes, ranging from general greetings and asking how someone is, to the more specific needs, like showing disbelief, asking someone’s intentions, and expressions for a forgotten word or name
A comprehensive thematic glossary provides an additional means for the learner to locate expressions by key words and concepts

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