اللغة الفرنسية تعتبر اللغة الفرنسية اللغة الأم بشكل أساسي للسكان الذين يعيشون في فرنسا، بالإضافة إلى الكثير من سكان كندا وسويسرا وأفريقيا الذين يتحدثونها أيضاً بطلاقة، وهي من أكثر اللغات شهرةً في القارات الخمس بجانب اللغة الإنجليزية، حيث يتحدث اللغة الفرنسية كلغة أم ما يقارب 80 مليون شخص، ويتحدث بها ما يقارب 190 مليون شخص كلغة ثانية، وهناك أيضاً من يتحدث اللغة الفرنسية لرغبته بتعلمها وممارستها، حيث تقدر أعداد من يتعلم اللغة الفرنسية كلغة مكتسبة حوالي 200 مليون شخص. تعلم اللغة الفرنسية

Étude de la passivation linguistique française
Sur la base des exemples tirés des extraits littéraires et journalistiques

Masterexamensarbete 30 hp
Franska E, HT. 2017 Handledare: Lars-Göran Sundell

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate and analyse the passivation in the French
language and its linguistic interference. The passivation in French as in many other
Indo-European languages is usually used when it is not important or necessary to name
the subject, through which we designate the one responsible of the action in a sentence.
The passivation can also be used if the subject is unknown in the action; there is no need
to mention it in a sentence.
During the transformation passive/active of many examples, we were obligated to find
which subject was in use, if this does not already exist before as agent C.D.A. The purpose is to demonstrate and raise the difference between these linguistics constructions
active and passive, which is very important in the French language. We tried to make
this clear in a linguistic figure. However we could also lift up the other part in a sentence and its different parts (verb, subject, object, complement), and we explained how
it is built from the tree constructions of the passivation in French, le passif, le causatif,
le réfléchi.
To make this study more relevant we have used different examples from a homogeneous corpus: literary excerpts from novels by Flaubert 2001 and Balzac 2001, as well as
journalistic articles. In this corpus, there are several different types of texts, which make
it significant and rich of expression in passivation. There are also important divergences
between the genres. In general, the types of text where passivation can be used are journalistic articles, minutes of trials, police reports or when the author needs to have distance from the narrated actions. We made this description of the passivation in French,
by indicating that most cases are characterized as a reversal of the subject, and play a
fundamental role in this construction of the active sentence which is less important in
the passive, but the object is more important in the passive.

Table des matières
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 Introduction générale.............................................................................................. 6
1.2 But de l’étude ......................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Plan de l’étude ...................................................................................................... 10
2 Cadre théorique et études intérieures..................................................................... 11
2.1 La passivation linguistique dans le français........................................................... 1
 2.1.1 Etude syntaxique du passif et actif................................................................. 12
2.2 Auxiliare et participe passé .................................................................................. 13
 2.2.1 Participe passé ............................................................................................... 14
 2.2.1.1. Participe passé passif avec ou sans le verbe............................................ 15
 2.2.2. Auxiliaire....................................................................................................... 16
 2.2.2.1 Auxilaire être dans le passif ...................................................................... 18
 2.2.2.2 Auxilaire avoir dans l'actif ........................................................................ 19
2.3 Le réfléchi ............................................................................................................ 20
 2.3.1 Verbes réfléchis et pronominaux.................................................................... 21
2.4 Le causatif, se faire + infinitif.............................................................................. 22
3 Méthode et matériaux .............................................................................................. 24
3.1 Méthode.............................................................................................................. 24
3.2 Matériaux ........................................................................................................... 24
 3.2.1. Les corpus...................................................................................................... 24
 3.2.1.1 Genres de textes choisis ......................................................................... 25
 3.2.1.2 Distinction entre les corpus..................................................................... 25
 3.2.1.3 Le passif dans les corpus........................................................................ 25
 3.2.1.4 Le causatif dans le corpus ...................................................................... 28
 3.2.1.5 Le réfléchi dans les corpus..................................................................... 29
4 Analyse....................................................................................................................... 31
4.1 Clarification sur la passivation française................................................................ 1
4.2 Pourquoi utilise-t-on le passif en français? .......................................................... 31
4.3 Les deux formes passive et active ....................................................................... 32
4.4 Distinction entre le corpus littéraire et celui journalistique ................................. 32
4.5 Comment le passif s'emploie-t-il? ........................................................................ 33
4.6 Les rapports de l'auxiliaire au participe passé ..................................................... 34
4.7 Comment le réfléchi s'emploie-t-il? ..................................................................... 36
4.8 Verbes pronominaux dans le réléchi .................................................................... 37
4.9 Le pronominal dans la passivation ....................................................................... 37
4.10 Comment le causatif s'emploie-t-il?................................................................... 38
4.11 Les caractéristiques de se faire + infinitif .......................................................... 38
4.12 Autres verbes + infinitif ressemblant au causatif... ............................................ 38
5 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 40
 5.1 Conclusion de l'analyse ........................................................................................ 40
 5.2 Conclusion générale .............................................................................................. 40
Références bibliographiques.